Early Childhood Education and ‘Kindergarten’

Pre-school training is talked about primarily through the improvement of a youngster's character. The information and practices gained by youngsters during this phase of learning are installed with their character. Besides advancement of inventive reasoning, relational abilities and social communication are a couple of advantages ready to obtain by pre-younger students. (Palihakkara, D.W., Premaratne, R.M. 2004, p 36). ‘Kindergarten', is a German allegorical term alluding to a nursery, where youngsters are contrasted with developing plants. It is utilized as a typical term for pre-school instructive foundations, characterized in different routes in numerous nations. The ‘Kindergartens' are perceived instructive conditions made to inspire and bolster the psychological, physical, passionate, etymological and social improvement of youngsters between ages 3-5 years. (Source: â€Å"Friedrich Froebel†, http://www.infed.com/Froebel.html )History of Early Childhood EducationMany commitments are made to the improvement of speculations on youth instruction through the ages throughout the entire existence of instructive way of thinking. All speculations depend on the kid's mental foundation, with different logical exploration and understandings made with time through set up contemporary techniques. Greek logician Plato in fourth Century B.C. was the first to underline the significance of instruction with play and musical development to improve mental and physical development during the initial five years of a youngster's life. This thought was additionally improved by the option of Aristotle's thoughts on rehearsing great propensities and mentalities in kids. John Amos Komensky (Comenius) in the sixteenth Century, communicated thoughts of kid focused training: he accepted youngsters ought to learn by tangible encounters through exercises built inside their regular habitat. He worried on the youngster's requirement for affection and Security and the job of a mother as an instructor in the ‘home based' youth training. (Dudek.M, 1996, pp30-39) Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) further shows that nothing ought to be constrained on the youngster. He recommends strategies for dynamic learning through understanding and the delight in fill in as ‘play'.â€Å"Work or play is every one of the one to him, his games are his work, and he knows no difference.† - Rousseau-The four phases of a youngster's advancement portrayed by him are as follows:Infancy †uncovers propensities and the confining of emotionsChildhood †uncovers need and preparing of sensesBoyhood †uncovers utility and the preparation of the intellectAdolescence †uncovers mortalityOf these preparation feelings and the faculties was focused on just in youth training. Fredrich Froebel (1782-1827) accepted that the youth is a period with its own advantages, qualities and imagination and distinguishes ‘Play' as the particular movement. He set up the pre-educational system ‘Kindergarten' with the accentuation on ‘Free Play' and youngster's opportunity. (Dudek.M, 1996, p51) Fig.2.01: Freidrich Froebel and his kindergarten instruments known as ‘Froebel's endowments' being used with kids. Educationist Maria Montessori (1870-1952) concentrated on the need of tangible learning, expertise advancement, the utilization of materials and agreeable homeroom conditions for kids in contrast with Kindergarten technique, the Montessori Method concentrates more towards the proficiency and speed in preparing kids to draw in with formal learning. (Dudek.M, 1996, p.58) Fig.2.02: Maria Montessori and pre-younger students Analysts, for example, Wellman and Piaget during the twentieth century found that insight levels of kids can be controlled by ecological encounters, for example, pre-tutoring. Likewise disliked thoughts of fixed knowledge and foreordained turn of events. These discoveries improved the nature of pre-school training as organized animating conditions for discernment and aptitude advancement. (Dudek.M, 1996, p.65) 2.1.2 Early Childhood Education in Sri Lankan Context Pre-school instruction has been a key need of the Sri Lankan Education since the mid 1940's. (The Kannangara Report of 1943, Jayasooriya Commission Report on instruction in 1961). In 1986 the alliance of forces to the Ministry of Women's Affairs and Childcare empowered to upgrade and control the quality and guidelines for Pre-schools Island wide. Specialists on kid brain research and training help to order different early instructive projects. The administration of Pre-school instruction in Sri Lanka can be distinguished under three essential sectors:State division †Managed under the Departments of Social Services, Fisheries, Women's Affairs and Protection and youngster care, Local Government etc.Voluntary Organizations †Sarvodaya, Mahila Samithi, Religious Organizations, Samurdhi Movement, and Social Welfare Trust Organization (Pre-schools in the Estate Sector)Private Sector †Private Educational Organizations or people (Mostly Montessori System Adopted)The two key frameworks of early training in Sri Lanka are:Nursery ; Kindergarten MethodMontessori Method (Palihakkara, D.W., Premaratne, R.M. 2004, pp54-57).The Nursery and kindergarten strategy is a mix of the Nursery and Kindergarten frameworks as of now rehearsed in Sri Lanka.KindergartenThis framework centers a youngster focused methodology which turned into the motivation for present day pre-school instruction. Established by, Freidrich Froebel, it encou rages play, giving priority for the development of youngsters' sentiments and their creative mind. The targets center around the youngster's improvement which incorporates social aptitudes and tangible development.Sociability and care inside a gathering of childrenProblem comprehending capacity dependent on individual and gathering activitiesAccomplishment of tactile engine coordinationUnderstanding fundamental ideas essential for last learningAppreciation of excellence in all formsSocial development and self-awarenessProgress of creativity(Palihakkara, D.W., Premaratne, R.M. 2004, pp37-38.)Nursery SchoolsA later instruction framework dependent on the Kindergarten framework, which capacities on a philanthropic premise through holy places, homes and altruistic associations . Its goals are:Child socialization and the utilization of Fantasy Play †advances tangible engine and enthusiastic development.Attachment among instructor and youngster †brings out fearlessness, security and immediacy inside the child.Creating a gaining situation liberated from limitations and directionsEstablishment of good parental relations(Palihakkara, D.W., Premaratne, R.M. 2004, p38.) Sorted out and free play is accepted to enable the youngster to understand his actual limit through feel and self-expressive characteristics of play. Nursery schools limit each gathering to a limit of twenty understudies with at least two educators to keep up great youngster Teacher relationship where the instructor is just a guide, choosing music, materials for play conversation or craftsmanship activities. MontessoriAn early training framework that joins both the mental ideas and scholastic methods was set up by Maria Montessori. She had confidence in making a center domain dependent on adoration, care, co-activity, tolerance, restraint and duty to be the principle highlight of the framework. The framework points aptitude advancement of youngsters through exercises such as:Practical life practices and word related abilities †Ex. Conveying and utilizing objects, fastening, collapsing material and so forth as viable fundamental abilities and clearing, washing, brushing as word related skillsSensory practices †Sensory segregation aptitudes and conceptsDidactic practices â€understand shape, size, colour, surface, temperature etc.(Palihakkara, D.W., Premaratne, R.M. 2004, pp39-40.) Dream Play of the Kindergarten has been subbed in the Montessori framework by the composed exercises that add to self-restraint and the course of work.‘Learning through Play' MethodAs Friedrich Froebel accepts ‘play' as the most particular movement of youngsters. Aside from carrying euphoria to the kid, ‘play' additionally brings out the inalienable soul that youngsters have which represents the character of every person. (Dudek M. 1996, p.47) Examination on human conduct has uncovered that youngsters gain effectively from ‘seemingly-irregular' play as from the proper study hall. Play gives kids the chance of firsthand understanding to find things through investigation: it spurs them to face challenges and difficulties to investigate the world further. (McConnell.J, 1989) Piaget portrays the fundamental sorts of play a kid advances through in his/her formative stages as Pre-Social and Social play.Pre-Social Play: The newborn child take on play with hands, feet, chimes, clatters and dolls at six months.Social Play: Is a progressively multifaceted and social in character as it happens with both individual and physical development.Category 1: Social play is comparable to the action, such as:Free Play: The essential sort of social play that includes physical play exercises with other youngsters. This empowers them to control their demeanor.Formal Play: Play with formal standards, yet ends up being adaptable when kids become progressively verbal.Creative Play: Defined as the ‘pinnacle' of a wide range of play by Piaget: the kid figures out how to work with images instead of objects.Category 2: play can be arranged under the purpose of social reach it offers. the educational program of a Kindergarten empowers the accompanying sorts of play:Solitary Pl ay : youngsters playing alone, freely, of their own interest.Parallel Play : playing adjacent to one another, yet not with each other.Associative Play : kids playing with one another, imparting, sharing materials and exercises in a sloppy example, without a general goal.Corporative Play : kids arranging themselves in a gathering, with a shared objective or purpose.(Malone. K, Tranter. P, 2003) Class 3: Any movement of play can be seen in various phases of complexities of activity.Stage One: Sim

Frank Lloyd Wright Essay examples -- Essays Papers

Prc Social Security Scheme Essays - Economy, Money, Finance

Prc Social Security Scheme PRC Social Security Scheme Significant Characteristic of PRC Social Security Scheme - Only pertinent to Chinese neighborhood workers - Local prerequisites may shift from region to territory. Structure of Social Security Scheme - Pension - Unemployment Insurance - Medical Insurance - Housing National Requirement - Pension ?Choices of the State Council Concerning the Establishment of a Unified System of Basic Old-age Insurance for Staff and Workers of Enterprises?(July 16, 1997) Structure of the Basic Pension Scheme - Requires compulsory investment by undertakings and representatives; - Comprises 2 components: a. Fundamental Pension Pooling Account b. Fundamental Pension Individual Account Venture Contribution - Maximum commitment of 20% of the all out wages of the endeavors as a rule except if endorsed by Labor Bureau and Ministry of Finance. - For an outside speculation undertaking, the all out wages just spread Chinese neighborhood workers' wages. - Among the 20% commitment: a. start at 7% of representative compensation in 1997, to be continuously diminished to 3%, for commitment into the Basic Pension Individual Account b. 13% to 17% goes to Basic Pension Pooling Account Worker Contribution - Start at 4% of worker pay in 1997, to be step by step expanded to 8% - Contribution goes to Basic Pension Individual Account National Requirement ? Joblessness Insurance ?Joblessness Insurance Regulation ? given by State Council on January 22, 1999. Obligatory members - Requires obligatory cooperation by ventures and workers; - ?Enterprise? alludes to ?Urban ventures and organizations?, including: a. State-possessed undertakings; b. Urban aggregate ventures; c. Remote venture endeavors; d. Urban private ventures; and e. Other urban enteprises - ?Employee? alludes to ?Staff and laborers of urban ventures and organization? Commitment - Employer commitment - 2% of the absolute wages of the undertakings; - Employee commitment - 1% of the worker's compensation National Requirement ? Clinical Insurance ?Choices of the State Council Concerning the Establishment of a Basic Medical Insurance System for Urban Staff and Workers ? given by State Council Obligatory members - Requires obligatory cooperation by ventures and workers; - ?Enterprises? alludes to ?every single urban undertaking?, including: a. State-possessed undertakings; b. Urban aggregate ventures; c. Remote venture endeavors; d. Urban private ventures; e. Government associations, foundations; f. Social associations; and g. Non-administrative non-undertaking units. - ?Employees? alludes to ?workers of the previously mentioned undertakings? Commitment - Employer commitment ? roughly 6% of the complete wages of the ventures; - Employee commitment - 2% of the worker's compensation National Requirement ? Lodging ?Regulatory Regulation on Housing ? given by the State Council on April 3, 1999. Obligatory members - Requires obligatory cooperation by ventures and workers; - ?Enterprises? alludes to ?every single urban undertaking?, including: a. Government associations, foundations; b. State-possessed undertakings; c. Urban aggregate ventures; d. Remote venture endeavors; e. Urban private ventures; and f. Other Urban ventures. - ?Employees? alludes to ?workers of the previously mentioned undertakings? Commitment - Employer commitment ? least commitment 5% of the absolute wages of the undertakings; - Employee commitment ? least commitment 5% of the worker's compensation Nearby Requirements Neighborhood prerequisites with respect to commitment proportions might be unique in relation to national necessities, which fluctuate from region to territory dependent on the significant guidelines specified by nearby governments. A Summary of commitment apportions (communicated as a level of the representative gross wages) to government disability assets in the accompanying urban communities (starting at July 1999) Social Issues

Critical Thinking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Basic Thinking - Research Paper Example At the point when HP, Compaq, and Dell created PCs and offered to the people at a moderate cost, the market developed at an exponential rate. It was past the point of no return for IBM then to snatch a good offer in PC showcase. A basic and inventive speculation on some portion of the IBM to serve enormous little customers at a reasonable expense would have forestalled others to get the immense market that it finished into inside 10 years or somewhere in the vicinity. Through and through freedom is a philosophical term for which most logicians accept that the unrestrained choice is connected with moral obligation. Acting with through and through freedom implies one is answerable for ones activity. Unrestrained choice, as indicated by Rene Descartes, implies opportunity of decision to do or not to accomplish something (Stanford reference book of Philosophy, 2010). Socrates properly said that reality can be drawn nearer by complete obliviousness and not by any assumptions and convictions. At the point when one inquiries all settled conviction framework then one goes closer to reality. As a rule, it is accepted that information is an observational marvel however as indicated by ‘rationalists’, information can likewise be picked up simply by deduction. This differences the view purpose of ‘empiricists’ that all information is increased through perceptions. So as to comprehend what information is and how it will be accessible, one needs to consider over what job knowing may play or what characteristic worth it might offer †if there is any (Internet Encyclopedia of theory (2012). For the most part, conclusions are shaped before hand before delving further into the subtleties. Every last one of us has biased convictions and suppositions about such a significant number of things and that come in our manner in finding reality. Sentiments with no premise are extraordinary obstacles to our free reasoning. Egocentrism is block to basic reasoning since it spins around conceited reasoning. It has two significant structures known as self-serving and self-intrigued thinking. Egocentrism creates because of predominance feeling in

Treatments for Heroine Addiction

Advancements in the medications for heroin compulsion have perceived the significance of consolidating pharmacological and psychosocial mediations to give far reaching or all encompassing intercession and guarantee better outcomes. The treatment for heroin dependence likewise concurs with the phases of fixation so that during the commencement of utilization and consistent wanting for heroin, the treatment is emergency intercession. In the phases of detoxification and backslide, the treatment is fix of heroin dependence, tolerant consideration, and fix of co-happening physical and mental disorders.In emergency mediation, naloxene is utilized for non-deadly overdose while methadone or buprenorphine together with cardiopulmonary revival for lethal overdose. In the remedy for heroin and patient consideration, narcotic foe medications, for example, methadone buprenorphine, naltrexone or naloxone are utilized just as a2-adrenergic agonists, for example, clonidine, lofexidine. Antibodies th at forestall the entrance of heroin into the blood-mind hindrance are additionally being created. In the fix of co-happening conditions, for example, gloom, HIV/AIDS, or psychosis, the medication treatment relies upon adequacy, blend impacts, and side effects.In every one of these stages, psychosocial mediations through directing, treatment and network programs just as solution and management over the medication treatment improve results. The various medications for heroin dependence rely upon the phase of compulsion and the co-happening state of the patient. Dependence on heroin creates is four stages. First is the inception stage with p-narcotic receptors and dopamine fill in as fortifications to medicate misuse. Second is the nonstop use and desiring for heroin that includes different synapses including tc-narcotic receptors, dopamine, corticotrophin-discharging hormones, and glutamate.The treatment in the first and second stages is emergency intercession proposed to forestall an d invert exaggerates. Third is detoxification together with withdrawal stage including norepinephrene and glutamate. Fourth is the backslide into heroin use after a time of forbearance with norepinephrene and corticotropin-discharging hormones assuming a job in cerebrum stress and y-amino butyric corrosive and glutamate assuming a significant job in the impulse towards relapse.Treatment for stage three and four include fix of heroin dependence by tending to side effects emerging during the detoxification and backslide, quiet consideration to standardize physiological capacities, and fix of co-happening physical or mental scatters. (van sanctum Brink and van Ree, 2003a) Crisis intercession includes different mediations. On account of non-lethal overdose, naloxone, which is a short-acting narcotic rival is perceived as viable in the treatment of respiratory gloom and even extreme lethargies on account of patients encountering heroin overdose (van cave Brink and van Ree, 2003b).Adminis tration of naloxene can be made through intravenous or subcutaneous courses since examines show no critical diverse in results (Clarke, 2001). This backings peer organization of naloxene for heroin addicts in forestalling lethal overdose (Lenton and Hargreaves, 2000). With respect to lethal overdose, cardiopulmonary revival likewise causes as an intercession to forestall deadly overdose (Dietze et al. , 2002).However, a powerful preventive treatment for deadly overdose is narcotic helped mediations, for example, the upkeep of buprenorphine or methadone admission (van sanctum Brink and van Ree, 2003b). Fix of heroin enslavement includes the underlying period of detoxification that includes withdrawal from the utilization of heroin and the last period of backslide avoidance that covers the upkeep of forbearance from heroin. During detoxification, methadone and buprenorphine are the essential pharmacological treatment. Methadone is an orally regulated medication while buprenorphine is a sublingually directed drug.A survey of studies show that both methadone and buprenorphine offers detoxification treatment benefits yet the inclination of certain investigations for methadone is its viability while the inclination for buprehorphine is its wellbeing. As of now, there are no patient trademark norms to decide the decision of drug so factors, for example, accessibility, cost and accommodation in organization apply in deciding decision of treatment (Bigelow, 2005) Apart from these two meds, a2-adrenergic agonists, clonidine or lofexidine, could likewise bolster detoxification.Preference says something favor or lofexedine due to the lesser event of hypotension with the goal that this turns into a fitting substitute for methadone when this isn't accessible in the jail setting (Howells et al. , 2002). In addition, expanding the time of detoxification is made through naloxone as well as naltrexone controlled without sedation or with overwhelming or full sedation. Joining na loxone as well as naltrexone with a2-adrenergic agonists would improve and accelerate the detoxification procedure particularly while approaching the upkeep phase.There are withdrawal scenes yet these are simpler to determine while happening in the consolidated treatment than in the utilization of a2-adrenergic agonists alone. (Kosten and O’Connor, 2003) Administration of clonidine with naltrexone, trailed by buprenorphine after adjustment has been found to prompt lesser withdrawal side effects in patients (O’Connor et al. , 1997). On account of sedation, the blend of sedatives with drugs stays trial with certain examinations finding no huge effect of sedatives on detoxification (van nook Brink and van Ree, 2003a).In backslide avoidance, the current treatment utilizes narcotic foes, for example, naltrexone. Be that as it may, viability discovered little proof from examines on the grounds that most patients frequently pull back from treatment after the withdrawal stage (Kirchmayer et al. , 2002). This implies naltrexone might be viable as treatment in forestalling backslide in individuals resolved to proceed with treatment until complete withdrawal. Naltrexone has likewise been found to prompt lesser withdrawal impacts on pregnant ladies when contrasted with methadone (Hulse and O’Neill, 2002).There are additionally different issues emerging in the utilization of naltrexone, for example, the chance of instigating melancholy together with the chance of overdose upon the end of this medication treatment (Ritter, 2002). This implies the need to illuminate or caution patients with respect to these issues. A creating treatment to forestall backslide are immunizations intended to raise antibodies that stop certain addictive substances, for example, heroin from entering blood-cerebrum hindrance and forestall backslide during the period of forbearance (Bunce, 2005). In any case, this remaining parts in the trial stage.In tolerant consideration, the design is to balance out the state of the patient and diminish hurt. Persistent consideration could include upkeep programs helped by opiods, for example, methadone or buprenorphine, needle trade projects, and client rooms. Narcotics bolster treatment when regulated in the correct dose and expanding the measurements of narcotics could involve better impacts (Johnson et al. , 2002) so together with the arrangement of psychosocial support, for example, guiding, treatment and network programs, viability is guaranteed together with a lower right of untimely withdrawal from the treatment program (Preston, Umbricht, and Epstein, 2000).In expansion, solution and management over the medication treatment have been found to expand the maintenance of patients for the fulfillment of the treatment program (Ferri, Davoli, and Perucci, 2003). Incorporating psychosocial backing and management with the fitting mix of medications and medication measurement comprises sound patient consideration for h eroin compulsion. In the fix of co-happening physical and mental turmoil relies upon the state of the patient. Conditions that can co-happen with heroin fixation are sadness, HIV/AIDS or psychosis.Again, here, a mix of pharmacological and psychosocial bolster intercessions is important to give a total treatment to heroin enslavement. The thought of the viability of medications, response with different medications, and security of the consolidated admission of various medications together with the physical and mental effects of the joined treatment merit thought in the assurance of the specific treatment for heroin enslavement of individual patients. (van cave Brink and van Ree, 2003a)

Tips For Writing a College Level Paper For Sale

Tips For Writing a College Level Paper For SaleIf you're struggling to write a college-level paper for sale, here are some things to keep in mind. You want to be sure to start off by creating an outline of the topic of your paper, and then follow that with a discussion of how you want to proceed.Of course, I've said that the most important aspect of the paper is the outline. Your paper should include a summary of what you want to say, and then an analysis of why this summary is relevant to the topic of your paper. It's the perfect place to discuss the main points that you want to get across.While you do this, also think about how to present your main points. Presentation of your main points should be done carefully and thoughtfully, but it should also be done quickly.So here's where I want to step back from the writing of your paper. While writing a paper for sale can be a difficult task, it's also one that can be rewarding, particularly if you're able to get the piece purchased and distributed.This is because when a writer starts thinking about writing a sales letter for sale, they will most likely see the writer as a commodity. A piece of paper and a pen are all that the writer needs to create a potentially successful sales letter.This is a problem that all writers are well aware of, and it's why you must be careful to think about why you want to sell something. Do you want to sell for profit, or to improve your skills as a writer?You'd be surprised at how many sales letters we receive on a daily basis that aren't written with the intent of making money, but instead they are written for personal satisfaction. This is why it's important to make sure that you aren't only focusing on writing a sales letter for sale.We highly recommend that you put a lot of thought into your paper before you take it to a printer. This way you can make sure that your paper is as good as it can possibly be, and will get noticed and published just as quickly as any sales letter for sale would.

The Problem of Evil In Doctor Faustus - Literature Essay Samples

The traditional Christian message Christopher Marlowe was working with during the time he wrote Doctor Faustus stated that one should avoid leading a life of temptation and sin, the origins of which were rooted in an enterprising proprietor of evil generally referred to as the Devil. But if one does succumb to these debasements, atonement is always possible so long as the person is alive. Faustus serves as a representative of the common man, or at least a type of common man: he is a knowledgeable seeker of knowledge; the knowledge at his disposal is not enough to satisfy him. Faustus is described as a character with cunning of a self-conceit whose waxen wings did mount above his reach [Prologue, Line 19]. Indeed, passionate Icarus is an ideal foil for the tragic Faustus. Icarus embodies the idea of inventiveness gone wrong, of humans who push the limits of human knowledge and attempt a compatibility with the godly that cannot be reached. Though warned by his father Daedalus not to f ly too close to the sun because it would melt his wings, and not to fly too close to the sea because it would dampen them and make it difficult to fly, Icaruss exhilaration with the feat of flying provoked him to cross boundaries he wasnt meant to cross, melting his wings until he fell to his death. Seeking truth in the divine is not a sin, but it is a difficult and daunting task. Faustus gives up the task of understanding the divine and searches for an easier source of knowledge: the devil. Despite warnings from the Good Angel that the endeavor he shall set on is fruitless, Faustus follows the path of the Bad Angel and continues to have his earthly desires satisfied by evil. The presence of this dualism is a symbol for Faustuss conscience, and implies an innate ability to distinguish between right and wrong. Marlowes point, therefore, is to place emphasis on the fact that the decision to be evil is indeed a decision; evil is a behavior that is lured out of us, and not planted withi n, by a devil. The tragedy of Doctor Faustus is the fact that the modern world is more concerned with who and what the devil is than who and what the divine is. Initially it is difficult to see why the reader should blame Faustus for contractually binding his soul to Lucifer. Faustuss companion on his diabolic journey is a minion of Lucifer named Mephistopheles. When Faustus asks of him what the precise location of Hell is, Mephistopheles answers, Within the bowels of these elements, where we are tortured and remain for ever. Hell hath no limits, nor is circumscribed in one self place, but where we are is hell, and where hell is there must we ever be. And, to be short, when all the world dissolves, and every creature shall be purified, all places shall be hell that is not heaven [2.2 Line 119]. Here Marlowe presents the humanists concept of Hell, that is to say that Hell is any place that lacks divinity, and since only Heaven contains divinity, everything beneath it is Hell, includi ng the world in which we live. Essentially, it is the very nature of the human condition to be as close to Hell as possible. Faustus is only doing what is natural in a moment of pain of discomfort: finding a distraction, as in Pascals idea of divertissement. If we are not able to think thoughts that give us our dignity, thoughts that grasp the divine as closely as possible, we may as well avert our attention to something more pleasant, which in this case is the sensory stimulation that the devils provide Faustus.The distractions Faustus experiences are not only in the shows Lucifer provides, but are also in the tricks Faustus plays once he is granted power upon entering the pact with Lucifer. Faustuss initial lofty plans for his powers are a bit ridiculous (e.g. he wishes to redraw the globe, integrating Africa into Europe so that it will be easier to plunder), but they are almost heroic. His plans certainly dont embody goodness, but they also dont embody badness; they are seemingly neutral. His fault is that the only reason he wants to do anything is so that he can be known for doing it. Perhaps it is because of this weakness that once he acquires the limitless power from the pact, he resorts to trickery of kings and noblemen, among others, that will garner him more tangible results and more easily observed affects. It is quite ironic that after being granted so much power, instead of being heightened to the level Faustus desired to be elevated to upon binding his soul, he is reduced to a mediocrity. This can be interpreted as the consequence of refusing greatness as ordained by God and accepting greatness from a temptation. To seek knowledge in a muddy origin is unproductive; the only way to guarantee prosperity is to accept God.This is the message that is constantly reiterated to Faustus by the Good Angel throughout the play. Occasionally it seems that Faustus will yield to the advice of the Good Angel. For example, at a point when Faustus meditates in his study with Mephistopheles by his side, Faustus seems to come to a realization that the only good to be found is in Heaven, and that Mephistopheles has, in taking him on his downward spiral, deprived him of this good. Mephistopheles tells Faustus that Heaven is not as glorious as he perceives it to be, that is was made for merely man. But Faustus says, If Heaven was made for man, twas made for me. I will renounce this magic and repent [2.3 Line 10]. Yet just as Faustus says this, the Bad Angel prevents him from doing so out of fear, telling him that the contract binds Faustus to a life of debauchery or he will otherwise be torn to pieces by the devils who sworn him into Hell. Despite the tidings of the Good Angel that if Faustus renounces Lucifer, he will be rescued from any promised torture, Faustus is forced to reclaim evil because the Bad Angel proceeds to offer him spectacles for the eyes and other forms of hedonistic divertissement. Faustus is too weak to denounce the evil withi n him; he is too weak to follow the path of good that is intrinsically in him.As if Faustus werent enough evidence for the dualism in humans that prompts free will, and is the causation and origin of evil, the devils themselves are described as having dualistic natures. What was Lucifer but a fallen angel? An example with more textual support is the very character of Mephistopheles. Though in an aforementioned excerpt he was portrayed as a kind of Bad Angel to Faustus, a tempter more interested having his own minion in the Hellish world, Mephistopheles is also portrayed as a seeker of the divine. On another occasion Faustus was inquisitive about Hell, Mephistopheles responded to his questions as follows: Why, this is Hell, nor am I out of it. Thinkst thou that I, that saw the face of God and tasted the eternal joys of heaven, am not tormented with ten thousand hells in being deprived of everlasting bliss? O Faustus, leave these frivolous demands, which strikes a terror to my faintin g soul. [1.3, Line 75] To describe Mephistopheles as a devil who rues his condition veritably seals the deal on what it is Marlowe intends to assert on the human condition. For a devil to have remorse about being in Hell states that devils also had an innate element of goodness to them. Good and evil are intrinsically a part of all of humans, but distraction and temptation can tamper with those weaker in ability to control their desire. The various incarnations of Lucifer are in their wretched states because they strayed towards the evil, which in its most extreme case is attempting to reach a level of power that is on par with God. It is established in Genesis that to reach a level of compatibility with God is only possible if it is done on Gods terms; Eve ate from the tree of knowledge against the request of God and as a result she and the rest of humanity suffered. We are allowed to strive for God, but we can only strive for Him under conditions pre-established by Him. By the end of the play, Faustus realizes this and calls upon God. He realizes that he will only find a tainted version of truth in the gifts he receives from the devils, and that Hell is only Hell because even if we obtain what we desire, we are only obtaining superficial pleasures, not a real truth. One can only obtain pure pleasure and untainted truth when one has accepted God. But when Faustus calls upon the Good Angel to help him reach God, the window of opportunity for access to the divine has shut, and the Good Angel tells him, O Faustus, if thou hadst given ear to me, innumerable joys had followed thee. But thou didst love the world [5.2, Line 97]. The world, we established, is in itself Hell. Faustus was too caught up in its distraction to cast it aside as an obstruction to the truth. The tragedy of Faustus is the inability of humans to free themselves from the obstacle that is the Bad Angel, or the evil within us. Marlowes presentation of Faustus is interesting because of his radical Platonic recognition of the hedonistic human as the only perpetuator of evil. Still more interesting is the fact that in his ending, Marlowe rejects the Christian orthodoxy that states repentance can occur at any time idea for a more dramatic ending and one that makes Faustus identify more with the idea of the tragic hero. Perhaps in this way, Marlowe is celebrating the human condition, or even pitying it, rather than condemning it. Works CitedMarlow, Christopher. Doctor Faustus and Other Plays. New York: Oxford University Press 1995.